Estudio exploratorio sobre la ansiedad por la salud en universitarios colombianos durante el confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19 en el segundo semestre del 2020

Introducción: La ansiedad por la salud es un estado psicológico caracterizado por cierto tipo de creencias, emociones y actitudes hacia la posibilidad de contraer una enfermedad. La ansiedad por la salud ha sido considerada un mediador de la respuesta psicológica ante la pandemia generada por el COVID-19. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de ansiedad por la salud de una muestra de estudiantes universitarios colombianos, discriminando y comparando en función de ciertas variables sociodemográficas, y describir sus principales características durante el confinamiento social en el segundo semestre del 2020. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, de nivel descriptivo y corte transversal en una muestra de 1004 estudiantes de pregrado de 3 instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Medellín. Se utilizó el Inventario Breve de Ansiedad por la Salud. Resultados: El valor de la media para la ansiedad por la salud estuvo por encima del valor reportado por otros estudios. Se encontraron altos porcentajes de preocupación por la salud (39,64 %), consciencia del malestar/dolor (63,3 %), miedo de tener una enfermedad grave (20,01 %), interés por las sensaciones o cambios corporales (68,92 %), riesgo de padecer una enfermedad grave (30,33 %) y consecuencias sobre la vida (35,75 %). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ninguna de las comparaciones entre grupos. Conclusiones: La preocupación por la salud y la ansiedad durante las epidemias/pandemias pueden tener un impacto psicológico importante, además de estar relacionadas con un comportamiento preventivo ineficaz y tener consecuencias adversas en el largo plazo.

Introduction: Health anxiety is a psychological state characterized by certain types of beliefs, emotions, and attitudes toward the possibility of contracting a disease. Health anxiety has been considered a mediator of the psychological response to the pandemic generated by COVID-19. Objectives: To determine the level of health anxiety in a sample of Colombian university students, discriminating and comparing according to certain sociodemographic variables, and to describe the main during social confinement between August and November 2020. Methodology: A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 1004 undergraduate students from three higher education institutions in the city of Medellin. The Short Health Anxiety Inventory - SHAI was used. Results: The mean value for health anxiety was above the value reported by other studies. High percentages of health concern (39.64 %), awareness of discomfort/pain (63.3 %), fear of having a serious illness (20.01 %), interest in bodily sensations or changes (68.92 %), risk of having a serious illness (30.33 %) and consequences on life (35.75 %) were found. No statistically significant differences were found in any of the comparisons between groups. Conclusions: Health concerns and anxiety during with epidemics/pandemics can have a significant psychological impact, as well as being related to ineffective preventive behavior and having adverse long-term consequences.

Sintomatología de depresión y ansiedad en estudiantes universitarios colombianos durante la pandemia covid-19

La sintomatologia de depresión y ansiedad, aunque varía en prevalencia e intensidad, se ha reportado en casi todos los estudios sobre afectaciones psicológicas en estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de depresión y ansiedad en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios, identificar los principales síntomas afectivos, fisiológicos, cognitivos y somáticos, y analizar los resultados en función de algunas variables sociodemográficas de interés. Material y Método: Se desarrolló una investigación no experimental, con enfoque cuantitativo, de nivel descriptivo y corte transversal en la que se incluyeron 1.004 estudiantes universitarios (77% mujeres) matriculados en tres Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) (dos privadas y una pública) en Medellín. Para la recolección de información se utilizaron la Escala de Autoevaluación de la Depresión de Zung y la Escala de Ansiedad Autocalificada de Zung. Resultados: El 47,7% de la muestra presentó sintomatología depresiva, pero solo el 26,1% manifestó sintomatología de ansiedad. Hubo diferencias en la ansiedad y la depresión en cuanto al sexo y otras variables sociodemográficas. El análisis de frecuencias de respuestas a los ítems de los instrumentos permitió conocer cuáles son los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad más frecuentes en los participantes. Conclusiones: Las modificaciones sociales y educativas generadas por la pandemia han impactado más a las mujeres jóvenes con edades entre los 16 y los 25 años, quienes han presentado dificultad para realizar actividades que previamente hacían, dificultad para pensar o concentrarse, anhedonia, pérdida del deseo sexual, sensación de inutilidad, insatisfacción con la propia vida e irritabilidad, entre otros síntomas.

Symptomatology of depression and anxiety, although varying in prevalence and intensity, has been reported in almost all studies on psychological affectations among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To evaluate the levels of depression and anxiety in a sample consisting of university students, to identify the main affective, physiological, cognitive and somatic symptoms, and to analyze the results in terms of some sociodemographic variables of interest. Material and Method: A non-experimental, quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional research was carried out with 1004 university students (77% female) enrolled in three higher education institutions (two private and one public) in Medellin, Colombia. The Zung Depression Self-Assessment Scale and the Zung Self-Rated Anxiety Scale were used for data collection. Results: 47.7% of the sample presented depressive symptomatology, but only 26.1% manifested anxiety symptomatology. There were differences in anxiety and depression in terms of sex and other sociodemographic variables. The analysis of frequencies of responses to the instruments' items show which are the most frequent symptoms of depression and anxiety among the participants. Conclusions: The social and educational changes caused by the pandemic have had a greater impact on young women aged between 16 and 25 years, who have presented difficulty in performing activities they previously did, difficulty in thinking or concentrating, anhedonia, loss of sexual desire, feeling of uselessness, dissatisfaction with their own lives, and irritability, among other symptoms.

A sintomatologia da depressão e da ansiedade, embora variando em prevalência e intensidade, tem sido relatada em quase todos os estudos sobre afetações psicológicas em estudantes universitários durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de depressão e ansiedade em uma amostra de estudantes universitários, identificar os principais sintomas afetivos, fisiológicos, cognitivos e somáticos, e analisar os resultados de acordo com algumas variáveis sociodemográficas de interesse. Material e Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa não experimental, com uma abordagem quantitativa, nível descritivo e corte transversal na qual participaram 1004 estudantes universitários (77% mulheres) matriculados em três instituições de ensino superior (duas privadas e uma pública) em Medellín, Colômbia. A Escala de Auto-Avaliação de Depressão Zung e a Escala de Auto-Avaliação de Ansiedade Zung foram usadas para a coleta de dados. Resultados: 47,7% da amostra apresentou sintomas depressivos, mas apenas 26,1% manifestaram sintomas de ansiedade. Houve diferenças na ansiedade e depressão em termos de sexo e outras variáveis sociodemográficas. A análise da freqüéncia das respostas aos itens dos instrumentos permitiu saber quais são os sintomas mais freqüentes de depressão e ansiedade entre os participantes. Conclusões: As mudanças sociais e educacionais geradas pela pandemia tiveram um impacto maior nas mulheres jovens entre 16 e 25 anos de idade, que apresentaram dificuldade em realizar atividades que antes realizavam, dificuldade em pensar ou se concentrar, anedonia, perda do desejo sexual, sensação de inutilidade, insatisfação com sua própria vida, irritabilidade, entre outros sintomas.

Neuroanatomic Correlates of Anomia: A Scoping Review / Correlatos neuroanatómicos de la anomia: révisions de tema

Abstract Anomia is the inability to access the lexicon of names, it is one of the most common symptoms of aphasia, but it often appears as a symptom of other disorders and diseases such as Alzheimer's. There are several studies on the anatomical bases of anomie, but they are not conclusive. The objective of this study is to identify, compile and analyze investigations that relate neuroanatomical areas with anomie. We conducted a scoping review and we selected ten articles from scientific databases (EBSCOhost and Science Direct) published during the period 2009 - 2016. It was found that there are different areas related to the denomination processes according to the phase of presentation of the anomie: before and after an intervention. 1n the previous moment there are the temporary and frontal gyrus in the left hemisphere, while after intervention they find activation in the temporal gyrus, precuneus, supramarginal gyrus of the right hemisphere.

Resumen La anomia es la incapacidad para acceder al léxico de nombres, es uno de los síntomas más comunes de las afasias, pero muchas veces se presenta como síntoma de otros trastornos y enfermedades como el Alzheimer. Existen diversos estudios sobre las bases anatómicas de la anomia, pero no son concluyentes. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar, compilar y analizar investigaciones que relacionen las áreas neuroanatómicas con la anomia. Realizamos un estudio de revisión focalizada (scoping review) y seleccionados diez artículos de bases de datos científicas (EBSCOhost y Science Direct) publicados durante el periodo 2009-2016. Se encontró que hay diferentes áreas relacionadas a los procesos de denominación de acuerdo a la fase de presentación de la anomia: antes y después de una intervención. En el momento previo se encuentran los giros temporales y frontales en el hemisferio izquierdo, mientras que después de una intervención se encuentra activación de los giros temporales, el precuneus, y el giro supramarginal en el hemisferio derecho.

Antimicrobial and aromatic edible coating on fresh-cut pineapple preservation / Revestimento comestível antimicrobiano e aromático na conservação de abacaxi minimamente processado

The present research aimed to develop an edible coating incorporated with mint essential oil, evaluate its effectiveness in inhibiting in vitro microbial development, and improve both quality and shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapple. Mint essential oil-containing edible coatings showed in vitro antimicrobial efficiency against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Enteritidis. Titratable acidity, pH, and texture were not affected (P>0.05) by coating or storage time. Mass loss was not higher than 1.0% after the 6th day of storage. No effect of storage time and coating on total soluble solids was observed. Mint essential oil-containing coatings inhibited the growth of yeasts and molds in fresh-cut pineapple. Compared to uncoated and control-coated samples, mint essential oil-containing coatings lessened psychrotrophic bacteria counts throughout storage. Counts of thermotolerant coliforms were not higher than 3.0MPN·g-1 in all treatments, whereas no Salmonella sp. was detected during the 6-day storage. Mint essential oil provided a strong flavor to the fruit, as shown by sensory evaluations.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um revestimento comestível incorporado com óleo essencial de hortelã, bem como avaliar sua eficiência antimicrobiana in vitro e em abacaxi minimamente processado. Revestimentos contendo óleo essencial de hortelã mostraram eficiência antimicrobiana in vitro contra Escherichia coli e Salmonella Enteritidis. O pH, a acidez titulável e a textura não foram afetadas (P>0.05) pelos tratamentos durante o armazenamento. A perda de massa dos abacaxis de todos os tratamentos não ultrapassou 1.0% após 6 dias de armazenamento. O tempo e os diferentes revestimentos não afetaram (P>0,05) o teor de sólidos solúveis totais dos abacaxis. Revestimentos contendo óleo essencial de hortelã foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de fungos e leveduras em abacaxi minimamente processado, quando comparado aos frutos sem revestimento e com revestimento controle. Frutos com revestimento contendo óleo essencial de hortelã apresentaram menor contagem de psicrotróficos no final do armazenamento. A contagem de coliformes termotolerantes foi menor que 3.0NMP·g-1 para todos os tratamentos e não foi detectada presença de Salmonella sp. durante o período de armazenamento. A presença de óleo essencial de hortelã conferiu forte sabor aos abacaxis.

Revisión sistemática del inventario multifásico de personalidad de Minnesota-mmpi / Systematic review of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory - mmpi

El presente artículo busca establecer la vigencia y aplicabilidad del Inventario Multifásico de Personalidad de Minnesota. Para dicho efecto se realizó un estudio de revisión sistemática en donde se encontraron 452 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión de la investigación en el periodo 2000-2010, no obstante se determinó tomar una muestra proporcional del 10% por cada uno de los años encontrados, quedando en total 46 artículos. Se encuentra un uso constante del instrumento, en donde existen múltiples investigaciones en diversas áreas. La prueba obtiene buenas propiedades psicométricas, además de estar avalada por varias revisiones sistemáticas. Se discute el uso dado a la prueba, en donde se obtiene evidencia amplia de su utilidad, así como también se discute que los análisis del instrumento sean en muchas investigaciones mediante clústeres.

This paper seeks to establish the validity and enforceability of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. To this end, a systematic literature review was performed. 452 papers that met the inclusion criteria of research in 2000-2010 were found. However we determined to use a proportional sample of 10% for each years, leaving a total of 46 articles. We found a constant use of the instrument, with research being done in various areas. The test has good psychometric properties, in addition to being endorsed by several other systematic reviews. We discuss the use made of the evidence, and we find that the instrument has broad utility, and also discuss the analysis of the instrument in many studies through clustering.

Revisión sistemática del Inventario de Personalidad neo (neo-pi) / Systematic review of neo Personality Inventory (neo-pi)

Los objetivos del artículo fueron describir la prevalencia de identidad El presente artículo busca establecer la vigencia y aplicabilidad del Inventario de Personalidad NEO (NEO-PI). Para dicho efecto se realizó un estudio de revisión sistemática en donde se encontraron veintiún artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión de la investigación en el periodo 2000-2010. Se encontró un uso constante del instrumento tanto para investigar rasgos de personalidad en diferentes poblaciones, como las propiedades psicométricas de la prueba. Se discute el uso dado a la prueba y sus diversos factores, además, se recomienda ampliar el periodo de tiempo de inclusión de los artículos.

This paper seeks to establish the applicability of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI). To this end, a systematic literature review which found 21 articles that met the inclusion criteria of research in 2000-2010. Is a constant use of the instrument, where there is strong evidence of its use, both to investigate personality traits in different populations such as the psychometric properties of the test. It discusses the use made of the evidence and its various factors, it is also recommended to extend the period of time for inclusion of articles.

Avaliação do volume de oxigênio absorvido por sachê absorvedor de oxigênio em diferentes temperaturas e umidades relativas / Evaluation of the amount of oxygen absorbed by oxygen absorbers at different temperatures and relative humidities

O uso de absorvedores de oxigênio em embalagens de produtos alimentícios acondicionados tem apresentado uma demanda crescente. Assim, o conhecimento da eficiência desses absorvedores em diferentes condições de umidade relativa e temperaturas definidas, são de fundamental importância. Portanto, foram determinadas equações para predizer o volume absorvido de oxigênio para as temperaturas de 10±2 ºC e 25±2 ºC, dependendo da umidade relativa na faixa de 75 por cento a 85 por cento e da taxa de permeabilidade a oxigênio da embalagem. Para a temperatura de 25±2ºC a equação é: V = -32,770+10,440*UR-104,385*ln(TPO2), com um R² = 0,9151. Para a temperatura de 10±2ºC a equação é: V=107,321+6,221*UR-105,166 ln(TPO2) com um R² = 0,8729. Dessa forma, o tempo de atividade do sachê pode ser determinado pela equação T = (V-Vi) / (TPO2*A). Utilizando essas equações e, considerando uma embalagem de área 0,05m² por face, com uma permeabilidade de 8,63 cm3.m-2.dia-1, uma umidade relativa de 80 por cento e o volume de oxigênio inicial dentro da embalagem de 2,5 mL, após o envase, o tempo de atividade do sachê quando armazenado a 10±2ºC foi de 435 dias e a 25±2ºC de 666 dias.

Oxygen absorbers have been presenting a growing demand for application in food packaging. Thus, it is important to know the efficiency of those absorbers in different relative humidity and temperatures. Therefore, equations were developed to predict the volume of absorbed oxygen at 10±2 ºC and 25±2 ºC, according as the relative humidity ranging from 75 percent to 85 percent and the oxygen transmission rate through the package. At 25±2ºC the equation was V = -32,770+10,440*RH-104,385*ln(O2 TR), with R² = 0,9151. At 10±2ºC, V=107,321+6,221*RH-105,166 ln(O2 TR) with R² = 0,8729. As a consequence, activity time for the oxygen absorbers can be calculated with the following equation: T = (V-Vi) / (ln(O2 TR*A). Using these equations and considering a packaging area of 0,05m² for each face, oxygen transmission rate of 8,63 cm³.m-².dia-1, relative humidity of 80 percent and an initial oxygen volume inside the package of 2,5 mL, absorber activity times when stored at 10±2ºC and 25±2ºC were 435 and 666 days, respectively.

Efficiency of oxygen: absorbing sachets in different relative humidities and temperatures

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of oxygen - absorbing sachets at relative humidity of 75 percent, 80 percent and 85 percent and different temperatures, 10±2 ºC and 25±2 ºC. The experiment consisted in determining the O2 absorption under these conditions. A sachet was placed in desiccators with an internal air homogenization system. Aliquots of air were removed at pre-established time intervals and analyzed for oxygen content. The results showed that oxygen absorption by the sachet increased as the relative humidity increased for both temperature. Therefore the oxygen - absorbing sachets were most active under 25±2ºC and 85 percent relative humidity. At ambient condition (25±2ºC/75 percentRH) the rate of oxygen absorbed was 50 mL/day and 18,5 mL/day for 10±2ºC. It was used a totally casualized design with three replicates.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de sachês absorvedores de oxigênio a 75 por cento, 80 por cento e 85 por cento de umidade relativa e diferentes temperaturas, 10±2 ºC e 25±2 ºC. O experimento consiste em determinar a absorção de O2 sob essas condições. Um sachê foi colocado dentro de um dessecador contendo um sistema de homogeneização do ar interno. Alíquotas de ar são retiradas dos dessecadores em intervalos de tempos pré-estabelecido e seu conteúdo de oxigênio analisado. Os resultados mostraram que a absorção de oxigênio pelos saches aumentaram com o aumento da temperatura para ambas as temperaturas. No entanto, os sachês mostraram uma maior eficiência para 85 por cento de umidade relativa e 25±2ºC de temperatura. Na condição ambiente (25±2ºC/75 por centoRH), a taxa de absorção dos sachês foi de 50 mL/dia e 18,5 mL/dia para 10±2ºC. O experimento foi conduzido com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições.

Síndrome de carga del cuidador / Caregiver Burden Syndrome

Introducción: el malestar físico y psicológico que pueden experimentar los cuidadores de pacientes con algún daño cerebral está estrechamente ligado con su rol. Los estudios realizados en países diferentes a Colombia evidencian que son una población altamente vulnerable, con pobres estrategias de afrontamiento que favorezcan su proceso adaptativo. Objetivo: hacer hincapié en que el concepto del síndrome de carga del cuidador (SCC) carece de discusión acerca de su validez y utilidad, por lo que existen grandes defi ciencias teóricas y metodológicas para su manejo. Método: se hace una presentación tipo ensayo en la que es posible exponer los datos más signifi cativos acerca de algunos de los estudios realizados al respecto y de toda la información que ayude a explicar la etiología del síndrome, a diferenciarlo de otros tipos de trastornos, además de considerar las intervenciones más adecuadas y efi caces ante dicha problemática y las controversias que pueden delimitarse en torno al tema. Conclusión: la presentación de las diferentes variables como promotoras de la aparición del SCC demuestra, una vez más, la importancia de estudiar los factores relacionados con la sobrecarga y las diferencias entre los cuidadores, a la hora de defi nir las causas que lo expliquen.

Introduction: Physical and psychological discomfort experimented by caregivers of patients with some degree of brain damage is closely related to their role. Studies from countries other than Colombia show a highly vulnerable population, with poor coping strategies. Objective: To stress the fact that the concept of caregiver burden syndrome (CBS) has not been discussed as to its validity and usefulness. In consequence, there are a great many theoretical and methodological differences regarding its management. Method: An essay-type presentation is made, describing the more signifi cant data arising from studies done on the subject looking for information that can help explain the etiology of the syndrome, differentiating it from other syndromes. The most appropriate and effi cacious interventions are also considered, and controversy surrounding the subject is discussed as well. Conclusion: The difference in variables contributing to the appearance of the CBS establish, once more, that when trying to explain its causes factors related to the burden and the differences between caregivers must be taken into account.

Efeito de farelo de arroz tratado termicamente na vida de prateleira de biscoito tipo amanteigado / Effect of heat-treated rice bran on the shelf-life of butter biscuits

Rice bran was submitted to two heat treatments. In the first treatment, bran was heated in an oven at 105§C for 20 minutes and, in the second treatment, it was heated in a steam autoclave with a pressure of 78456 Pa at 125§C for 20 minutes. The two heated brans were mixed wheat flour at three different levels (O, 10 AND 20 per cent) and these blends were used for the production of biscuits. The biscuit acidity increased with the presence of rice bran in the flour. Biscuits produced with oven-heated bran showed the highest acidity and, the longer the storage time the higher the acidity. It was observed that biscuits which had rice bran in their formulation presented a higher moisture content, which did not vary with storage possibly due to the packaging. Members of the taste panel were able to perceive differences between biscuits which contained bran produced by the two different heat treatments. Biscuits produced with the oven heated bran were darker. Also, they presented unpleasant smell and taste. The other biscuits, produced with the other formulations, obtained intermediate scores in relation to the ones produced just with wheat flour. The results show that the use of rice bran for biscuits-making is practicable and that it could be easily used in biscuits commercial production

Efeito da incorporaçäo de farelo de arroz tratado termicamente sobre as características reológicas da farinha de trigo / Effects of the incorporation of heat treated rice bran on the rheological characteristics of wheat flour

Rice bran submitted to two heat treatments: heated in oven (105§C/3h and in autoclave (125§C/20min at 78456 Pa). The two treated rice brans were blended with wheat flour at 10 and 20 per cent level, and evaluated rheologically, using the Frarinograph, the Amilograph, the Extensiograph and the Falling Number Test. The blend with rice bran heated in oven showed to be the darkest one, at any level of blending. The roce bran increased the pasta viscosity, the retrogradation rate, and weakened the dough, although it did not increased the water absorption of the dough